Solenoid valves are electrically activated valves that are commonly used in fluid power systems to control the flow or direction of air or liquid. The spool or poppet design of most solenoid valves, which are used in both pneumatic and hydraulic fluid power operations, makes them ideal for a variety of functions and applications.
The valve's spool or poppet is connected to a ferrous metal plunger that is usually spring centered or spring offset, but can also be detented. The plunger is housed in a non-ferrous metal core tube that is encircled by a coil of electrical windings. The coil is available in any voltage range from 12-48 Vdc to 110-220 Vac. A magnetic field is formed when power is transmitted via the coil, which pushes or pulls the plunger, altering the valve.
When the coil is energized, the most basic solenoid valves are two-way, two-position poppet valves that simply open and close, changing the flow channel. They come in two versions: "normally-open" and "normally-closed," which means "normally-flowing" and "normally-blocked," respectively. Normally-open in fluid power is the polar opposite of normally-open in electronics, which refers to the switch or contact being open rather than flowing electrons. Three-way, two-position poppet valves, which divert flow from one channel to another, are also prevalent. A cylinder can be controlled bidirectionally using two 3/2 valves in tandem. Although the structure varies depending on the application, this type of valve can be used for pneumatics or hydraulics, however pneumatic systems are more popular.
A machined spool slides into a machined valve body to form a spool solenoid valve. A plunger acts on one or both ends of the spool, pushing it one way or the other when actuated by either coil, providing three positional envelopes. One of the most common is the 4/3 hydraulic solenoid valve, which allows bidirectional control of a cylinder or motor from a single valve body. A solenoid valve's "ways" relate to the number of ports it has, while its "positions" refer to the number of discrete states it can function in. A three-position valve has a neutral state that is spring-centered, as well as two activated positions.
Pneumatic valves having five ports are commonly referred to as 5/3 valves when used for bidirectional motor or cylinder control. A pneumatic valve's "ways" also include its exhaust ports, which are normally two. Even though close inspection exposes the two exhaust ports bisecting the pressure port, these same valves are occasionally labeled as 4-way, 3-position valves. Solenoid valves for hydraulic or pneumatic applications, such as the pneumatic or hydraulic ISO valves, are available as manifold-mounted modular modules. The mounting and porting patterns on these valves are common, allowing valves from any manufacturer to be fitted on the same manifold. These valves are frequently inexpensive and readily accessible "off-the-shelf." A solenoid valve's electrical coils can be fitted with DIN connectors, lead wires, Deutsch connectors, a central connection, or any other common electrical connection found in fluid power and automation. The majority of solenoid valve coils can be replaced in the field, making repair and maintenance simple for specialists. Coils can be used for a variety of purposes and have a wide range of applications. Some are designed for use in industrial settings with consistent atmospheric conditions. Coils must be able to withstand high temperature ranges as well as exposure to road film and salt, for example, in mobile situations.
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